The approach outperforms competing technologies in sensitivity and complexity, and minimizes loss of authentic DNA molecules. This article presents the first high-quality genome from an archaic hominin and describes the first experimental procedure for DNA library preparation from single-stranded DNA templates. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. This was the first time that a representative of the Homo evolutionary tree was described from molecular data and in the absence of key macrofossil remains showing clear morphological characteristics. This article reports the discovery of Denisovans, a previously unknown lineage of archaic hominins that lived in southern Siberia at least 50,000 years ago. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova cave in Siberia. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Ancient pathogen genomics as an emerging tool for infectious disease research. Animal domestication in the era of ancient genomics. Tracing the peopling of the world through genomics. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Chagyrskaya cave. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija cave in Croatia. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. This article reports the first Neanderthal genome obtained from the DNA extracts of three paleontological bones, establishing the Neanderthal genetic legacy within modern human genomes and describing important wet-laboratory and dry-laboratory methodologies that have shaped the following decade of aDNA research. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. The authors find evidence for genetic discontinuity with modern Greenlanders, supporting multiple migration waves into Arctic Greenland. This article reports the first ancient human genome sequenced from the hair shaft of a 4,000-year-old Paleo-Inuit. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Partial genomic survival of cave bears in living brown bears. Complete genomes reveal signatures of demographic and genetic declines in the woolly mammoth. This article presents the oldest sequenced genome to date, from one horse metapodial preserved in permafrost for 560,000–780,000 years. Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse. DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family. Higuchi, R., Bowman, B., Freiberger, M., Ryder, O. The article also addresses some of the ethical challenges associated with the destructive analysis of irreplaceable material, emphasizes the need to fully involve archaeologists and stakeholders as part of the research design and analytical process, and discusses future perspectives. This Primer provides an overview of concepts and state-of-the-art methods underlying ancient DNA analysis and illustrates the diversity of resulting applications. The data have revealed a considerably more dynamic past than previously appreciated and have revolutionized our understanding of many major prehistoric and historic events. Ancient DNA data help to address an entire array of questions in anthropology, evolutionary biology and the environmental and archaeological sciences. Their extraction, manipulation and authentication require specific experimental wet-laboratory and dry-laboratory procedures before patterns of genetic variation from past individuals, populations and species can be interpreted. Ancient DNA fragments are typically ultrashort molecules and carry extensive amounts of chemical damage accumulated after death. Genome-scale data have now been gathered from thousands of ancient archaeological specimens, and the number of ancient biological tissues amenable to genome sequencing is growing steadily. Although the first ancient DNA molecules were extracted more than three decades ago, the first ancient nuclear genomes could only be characterized after high-throughput sequencing was invented.
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